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3 big gaps on the ENVIRONMENT side
For many cancers, risk factors are unknown?
For cancers where general ‘cause’, is understood, individual susceptibility is poorly understood
How G and E work in concert is
poorly understood
Epidemiologists have responded by
Expanding the tools of epidemiology
Enhancing investigation of causation.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
* Most common leukemia of Western world.
* 30% of adult leukemia in USA
* Less frequent in Asia and Latin America.
* Male to female ratio is 2:1.
* Median age at diagnosis is 65-70 years.
* No extrinsic environmental causes known
* Family history is the most important risk factor
Traditional epidemiology
Exposure to tobacco leads to lung cancer
Molecular epidemiology
Using biomarkers for both E and D
Historic rationale for molecular epidemiology:
We enter the black box or
Gain mechanistic insight
Tobacco thru an unknown mechanism leads to lung cancer
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Category : Oncology