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PPT : ICT and Power (Electricity)

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Fundamentals
* Electricity is a form of energy (kWh)
* Does not exist in usable forms
o Conversion usually requires prime movers (steam turbines, water turbines, etc.)
+ Access to fuels (primary energy) is a key issue for developing countries
* Electricity is only about 125 years old
o Widespread use is much more recent
+ US required special programs
# Rural Electrification Administration (REA) [now Rural Utilities Service]
# TVA
* Electricity from the grid can not be easily stored (AC)
o Most electronics use DC

What’s Special about LDCs?
* Very low levels of Electrification
o 2 billion+ lack electricity
o Bad quality, intermittent, and often expensive power if available
* Lower Level of Economic Development
o Large rural agricultural sector
+ Large quantities of crop residues: primary energy source
+ Special needs for agricultural services (e.g., pumping water ~ 1/3 of India’s electricity)
o Heavily subsidized in many countries
* Industrial-Political Organization
o State-centered economies
+ State-owned enterprises (SOEs) handle not just power but much of the economy
o Weak formal institutions
+ E.g., regulatory institutions, courts, corporate governance

Energy-Economy Correlation
Investments in LDC Power Sector
Where Does Electricity Go?
o ~ 1/3 residential, 1/3 industrial, 1/3 commercial
* Developing Countries
o Varies significantly by country
+ Typically higher shares for non-residential (function of large, centralized design)
o Grid penetration to rural areas is very low
+ Kenya used to have more homes served by Decentralized Generation (DG) than the grid (mainly solar)

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PPT : ICT and Power (Electricity) Category : Electricity
Source : www.cs.berkeley.edu
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