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PPT : Islam and Modernity
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MajorLandmarks of West / Islam Relations
* 1764 British runningBengal and Bihar, collecting taxes
* 1798-1801 Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt
* 1830: France annexes Algeria from Ottomans
* 1838 Treaty of Balta Liman, beginning of major European political/economic interference in Ottoman realm
* 1857 ‘Indian Mutiny’ crushed by British
* 1882 British suzerainty in Egypt
* 1872 De Reuters Concession – 1892 Tobacco Concessions: perceived selling of Iran to foreigners
* 1914-18 WWI ? reason cannot give all answers
* 1979-81 Islamic Revolution in Iran
Knot of Politics, Society and Religion
* For many Muslimintellectuals (and the populace), there isno real ‘crisis’ until after the 1870’s
o Al-Jabarti’s reaction to Napoleon’s invasion: contempt!
o Tanzimat Period (1839-76): Ottoman reforms, instituting European schooling, government structure and legal system… from 1805 on in Egypt under Mehmet Ali Pasha
o Rifa’at al-Tahtawi (d. 1873): Egyptian sent to Paris; unqualified admiration; Europeans learned from Muslims, now we must relearn our greatness
1875 Ottoman Bankruptcy,1878 Massive defeat of Ottomans… OttomanEmpire is once again Muslim in population,Islam important political rallying point underSultan Abd al-Hamid (r. 1876-1909).Concessionsin Iran ? same
Howdo we approach the Islamic Heritage?
* Modernists: scholars like Fatima Mernissa, “activists” Irshad Manji, Ayaan Hirsi Ali… reject aspects of Islam that are incompatible with expectations of modernity with no apology.
* Modernist Salafis: bypass the Late Sunni Tradition to go back to the original purity of Islam… which just happens to meet the expectations of modernity
* Traditionalist Salafis: like Wahhabis, return to original sources of the Quran and Sunna but to heck with what modernity expects.
* Late Sunni Traditionalists: the institutions of classical Islam, properly used, will lead us to the right path (even better than modernity!)
Jamalal-Din al-Afghani (d. 1897)
* Originally Iranian/Afghan,possibly Shiite, became Pan-Islamic activist,intellectual, and eventually political trouble-maker
* His goal was essentially political = Islamic unity against West, while learning from them and eventually matching them
* The Means = Revival of rationalism in Islam: Mu’tazilite and Islamic philosophical tradition
o Anti-Fatalism
o Anti-superstition (and thus Sufism)
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