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PPT : Women And Human Rights Under Islam – University of South Carolina
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The End of 32 Years Authoritarian Rule
* May 21, 1998 Suharto stepped down, ending 32 years of authoritarian, military dominated-rule
* Opened up Pandora’s box of New Order: illusion of Indonesia’s development paradigm, ‘bubble economy’ dependent of foreign loans, monopoly, collusion corruption, nepotism (KKN)
* Indonesia plummeted further into ‘kristal’ (krisis total, total crisis) – political, economic, moral, which had preceded the Suharto’s ouster
* May riots, peak of anarchy: mass destruction, arson, looting, rampages, and rape of Chinese women
* Emergence of new civil society groupings: political, religious, student and women > opening up of democratic space
Women as Pioneers of Democratization
* Suara Ibu Peduli (SIP), Voice of Concerned Mothers: the first, held demonstration Feb. 23, 1998, at Hotel Indonesia roundabout, demanding economic and political reforms, moved by concern for soaring prices, social unrest, and rise in violence
* Participants: university lecturers, activists, intellectuals and housewives, playing on state ibuism model to legitimise their action
* Timing: bold, held during week-long ban on demonstrations before parliamentary session to elect a ‘new’ president
* Historical: the first time in 32 years a women’s group taken to streets in protest of the government, and first of any civil society group
Awakening of Civil Society’s Political Consciousness
* Other civil society groups followed: professionals, Muslim, civil servants, students, business people, housewives, and other middle-class groups who had otherwise been complacent or inert. No day without demonstrations!
* Increase in number of NGOs and social organisations
* Political parties: mushroomed uncontrollably (including Partai Perempuan Indonesia, Indonesian Women Party), a reflection of strong desire to participate in a more liberal and open arena, as well as to access political power previously denied in New Order.
* Political parties viewed ambivalently, perceived as reflecting narrow, selfish interests, even extremism; power, not people-oriented
Short and Long Term Issues
* Short term: Habibie’s (former VP) presidency, Suharto family & cronies, eliminating KKN, role of military, legitimacy of government
* Long term: deeply entrenched economic crisis, reviewing development policies, making institutional changes, doing away with the dual-function of the military, breathing new life into economic, political and legal spheres, creating bureaucratic efficiency, changing the electoral system, formation of true political party system, creating a free press, redressing the ethnic economic balance, reaffirming religious tolerance, liberalization of the education system, legal reform, decentralization of the economy, political power and government, and a greater decision-making role for women
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